Save My Exams Cambridge (CIE) AS Biology Revision Notes 2023

1. Cell Structure

2. Biological Molecules

Biological Molecule Tests

The Benedict's Test

Testing for Non-Reducing Sugars

Biological Molecules: Key Terms

Covalent Bonds in Polymers

Reducing & Non-Reducing Sugars

Amino Acids & the Peptide Bond

The Four Levels of Protein Structure

Protein Shape

Globular & Fibrous Proteins

Haemoglobin

Collagen

The Role of Water in Living Organisms

Water & the Hydrogen Bond

3. Enzymes

Enzymes

Enzyme Action

How Enzymes Work

Measuring Enzyme Activity

Colorimetry

Rate: Temperature

Rate: pH

Rate: Enzyme Concentration

Rate: Substrate Concentration

Rate: Inhibitor Concentration

Vmax & the Michaelis-Menten Constant

Enzyme Inhibitors

Enzyme Activity: Immobilised v Free

4. Cell Membranes & Transport

The Fluid Mosaic Model

Components of Cell Surface Membranes

The Cell Surface Membrane

Endocytosis & Exocytosis

Investigating Transport Processes in Plants

Investigating Diffusion

Surface Area to Volume Ratios

Investigating Surface Area

Estimating Water Potential in Plants

Osmosis in Plant Cells

Osmosis in Animals

Comparing Osmosis in Plants & Animals

5. The Mitotic Cell Cycle

Chromosome Structure

Mitosis

The Cell Cycle

The Role of Telomeres

The Role of Stem Cells

How Tumours Form

The Stages of Mitosis

Observing Mitosis

6. Nucleic Acids & Protein Synthesis

Nucleotides

The Structure of DNA

Semi-Conservative DNA Replication

The Structure of RNA

From Gene to Polypeptide

The Universal Genetic Code

Constructing Polypeptides

Transcription

Gene Mutations

7. Transport in Plants

Plant Transverse Sections

Xylem & Phloem Distribution

Xylem Vessels Elements

Phloem Sieve Tube Elements

Water & Mineral Ion Transport in Plants

Transpiration in Plants

Water & the Transpiration Pull

Xerophytic Plant Leaf Adaptations

Movement in the Phloem

The Sucrose Loading Mechanism

Phloem: Mass Flow

8. Transport in Mammals

Circulatory Systems

The Main Blood Vessels

Observing & Drawing Blood Vessels

Blood Vessels: Structures & Functions

Cells of the Blood

The Role of Water in Circulation

Blood & Tissue Fluid

Red Blood Cells, Haemoglobin & Oxygen

The Chloride Shift

Plasma & Carbon Dioxide

The Oxygen Dissociation Curve

The Bohr Shift

Structure of the Heart

The Walls of the Heart

The Cardiac Cycle

Heart Action

9. Gas Exchange

The Human Gas Exchange System

Distribution of Tissues

Recognising Tissues

Recognising Structures

Structures & Functions of the Gas Exchange System

Gas Exchange Processes

10. Infectious Diseases

Infectious Diseases

Transmission of Disease

Prevention & Control of Disease

Penicillin

Antibiotic Resistance

Consequences of Antibiotic Resistance

11. Immunity

Phagocytes

Antigens

Primary Immune Response

Memory Cells & Immunity

Antibodies

Making Monoclonal Antibodies

Uses of Monoclonal Antibodies

Types of Immunity

How Vaccines Work

Vaccination to Control Disease

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